Nov 5, 2011

पोखरा विश्वविद्यालयमा अत्याधुनिक सूचना केन्द्रको स्थापना

पोखरा, १८ कात्तिक। पोखरा विश्वविद्यालयमा करिब दुर्इ करोडको लागतमा अन्तर्राष्ट्रियस्तरको अत्याधुनिक सूचना उपयोग केन्द्रको स्थापना भएको छ।
‘दि नेपाल कोरिया इन्फरमेशन एक्सेस सेन्टर’ नाम दिइएको उक्त सूचना उपयोग केन्द्रको उद्घाटन शुक्रबार विश्वविद्यालयको प्राज्ञिक भवन कम्प्लेक्स, लेखनाथमा सम्पन्न भयो।
उद्घाटनपश्चात् आयोजित कार्यक्रममा नेपाल र कोरियाको राष्ट्रिय गान प्रस्तुत गरिएको थियो भने बीएस्सी नर्सिङ पहिलो वर्षका छात्राहरूले स्वागत गीत तथा कौरा नृत्य प्रस्तुत गरेका थिए।
सो अवसरमा कार्यक्रमका अध्यक्ष तथा पोखरा विश्वविद्यालयको विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि सड्ढायका डीन एवं निमित्त उपकुलपति इ. इश्वरचन्द्र बानियाँ, कार्यक्रमका प्रमुख अतिथि मिनिष्ट्री अफ पब्लिक एडमिनिष्टे्रशन एण्ड सेक्यूरिटी अफ कोरिया भाइसका डाइरेक्टर जो मियोङ वू, सूचना प्रविधि उच्चस्तरीय आयोग, नेपालका सदस्य सचिव जुद्धबहादुर गुरूङ, पोखरा विश्वविद्यालयका निवर्तमान उपकुलपति प्रा.डा. केशरजंग बराल, पोखरा विश्वविद्यालय व्यवस्थापन सड्ढायका डीन एवं निमित्त रजिष्ट्रार प्रा.डा. गीता प्रधानले सूचना केन्द्रको उपयोग र उपादेयताका बारेमा प्रकाश पारेका थिए।
विश्वविद्यालयको व्यवस्थापन भवनमा स्थापना गरिएको सूचना उपयोग केन्द्रलाई एउटा आईटी ट्रेडिङ ल्याब, एउटा इन्टरनेट लोउँज, एउटा सेमिनार रूम र एउटा अफिसमा विभक्त गरी पाँच दर्जन जति एलसिडि कम्प्यूटर, हरेक कोठमा ७५ इन्चका एलसीडि टीभी, सीसीटीभी लगायतका उच्चस्तरीय प्रविधियुक्त उपकरण र फर्निसिङले उपलब्ध गराइएको छ।
केन्द्रमा चार एमबीपीएसको अप्टिकल फाइवर तथा वाइ फाइ सिस्टमको दु्रत गति क्षमता भएको इन्टरनेट सेवा समेत जडान गरिएको छ। विश्वका २७ वटा देशमा स्थापना भएको सूचना उपयोग केन्द्र नेपालमा पहिलो पटक पोखरा विश्वविद्यालयमा स्थापना भएको हो।
यो केन्द्रबाट इन्टरनेट एवं प्रत्यक्ष भिडियो क्लिपको माध्यमबाट विश्वका हरेक सूचना एवं गतिविधिलाई सहजै नियाल्न, अवलोकन गर्न र अभिलेखको रूपमा उपयोग गर्न सकिने विश्वविद्यालयका सूचना अधिकारी लोकप्रसाद ढकालले जानकारी दिए।
विद्यार्थीका साथै विश्वविद्यालयका शिक्षक, कर्मचारीलगायत सर्वसाधरणका लागि समेत निःशुल्करूपमा उपलब्ध गराउने गरी एक पाठ्यक्रम अध्ययन विकास केन्द्र एवं एक कोरियन भाषा केन्द्रको रूपमा समेत यस केन्द्रलाई विकसित गर्दै लगिने योजना रहेको उनले जानकारी दिए।
उद्घाटन समारोहको सञ्चालन व्यवस्थापन सड्ढायका उपप्राध्यापक दीपमाला श्रेष्ठ तथा दोभाषे आशिष श्रेष्ठले गरेका थिए भने पाहूनाहरूलाई नेपाली टोपी एवं हिमालय अड्ढति तस्विर प्रदान गरिएको थियो।

Source: eadarsha.com

Make your organizations Vision, Mission & Objectives and Strategies

Mission, vision and values are supposed to be the North Star of strategic planning, the beacon by which organizations set their strategic compasses and then align their everyday priority setting.
Many organizations have attempted to redefine the business they are in, or even streamline their growth in a specific direction. An interesting trend in recent times is that companies have begun to define their "Vision/Mission Statement". A mission statement articulates the philosophy of the company with respect to the business in specific and society in general. Once the mission statement of the company is finalized and adapted, it provides a readymade guideline to employees of the organization about its principles, policies and practices.

It is important here to distinguish between "vision" and "mission" for the organisation. Vision is often referred to as "skyhooks for the soul". In fact, vision is that igniting spark that can inspire and energise people to do better. The focus of vision is to reach out hungrily for the future and drag it into the present. To quote Tom Peters, "Developing a vision and living it vigorously are essential elements of leadership". The latest trend in many organisations is to apply the "VIP" approach i.e. "Vision Integrated Performance."
  
Vision statements
  • Describe an ideal future.
  • Reflect the essence of an organization’s mission and values.
  • Answer the question, what impact do we want to have on society?
  • Unite an organization in a common, coherent strategic direction.
  • Convey a larger sense of organizational purpose, so that employees see themselves as “building a cathedral” rather than “laying stones”.
 Mission statements
  • Describe the overall purpose of an organization: what we do, who we do it for, and how and why we do it.
  • Set the boundaries of the organization’s current activities.
  • Are the starting point in developing a strategic vision.
A mission review gets an organization back to basics. The essential activity of determining whom you serve can be a wake-up call for organizations that have started to skew their activities to meet the needs other stakeholders (such as their funders or lobby targets) and not their actual clients.

Values statements

  • Reflect the core ideology of an organization, the deeply held values that do not change over time.
  • Answer the question, how do we carry out our mission?
  • Are the values your organization lives, breathes and reflects in all its activities, not the ones you think you should have. 
    .....................................................................................................................................................
    Reason for Being
    This is the soul-searching activity, where the organisation tries to answer the critical questions like `why are we here' and 'where are we today'? This analysis of the present is essential, because it provides the true picture of today from where we begin the journey towards the future.
    The vision is a compelling but not controlling force that shows us where we want to be. To quote KWAN 'JZU (3RD CENTURY BC), "When planning for a year, sow corn; when planning for a decade, plant trees; when planning for life, train and educate men". Once the vision statement has been conceptualised and indicates the direction the organisation is heading for, and then we work towards the mission which basically includes the performance parameter. This also encompasses quality, service orientation, cost-effectiveness and such specific variables.

    Picture of preferred future
    All major achievements through out history are attributable to people with powerful dreams about the future. Martin Luther King's "I have a dream" or NASA's "Man on the moon by the end of the decade" are excellent examples of vision. Thus, here we are trying to project what we wish our company to be in the future. The vision promotes trust and trust is the foundation of any successful human enterprise. It is this trust that can build very successful teams. In fact, we compare the vision to a magnetic force that draws people to it and aligns them in the same direction. Further individuals who do not espouse the vision would be repelled by it, the same way that mismatched poles of a magnet repel each other. Needless to say, everyone in the organisation wants the organisation to grow and develop, but there could be often conflict between personal and organisational priorities. It is in this context that perfect synchronisation is required. The "Mission Statement" thus indicates and specifics what the organisation is striving to adhere. It expresses the objective of the organisation and the various activities that need to be carried out to achieve the objective. In general any mission statement comprises of two core components of the values and strategies.

    Values
    There are fundamental beliefs that are inculcated and practiced in the organisation. In fact, the organisation culture is often dependent on its value systems. The seven principles of Matsushita are an excellent example of values of an organization. Similarly, the Johnson and Johnson credo says, "We believe our primary responsibility is to the doctors, nurses and patients, mothers and all others who use our products and services". It must be remembered that unless these values are internalised by one and all in the organisation, they become fancy advertisements matter or beautiful wall hangings. Another good example is of British Airways' "putting people first" or JET AIRWAYS "the joy of flying "and BPL's "believe in the best".

    Strategy
    The component of the Mission Statement is more important and focuses on the organisation plans and objectives in its business. The strategy of Ford Motors is "Quality comes first. Customers are the focus of everything we do". "Konsuke Matsushita even elaborates that the purpose of his company is to serve society and profits are only a by-product. Hence, their strategy is "Fairness in all its business and individual dealings". Some good examples in India include Wipro `close to the customer". Or ITCs " New horizons, New hopes " or Procter and Gamble's "statement of purpose". It is of critical importance to realise that even if the values and strategies are well designed and enunciated, the success would depend upon their implementation by individuals in the organisation. Hence, it is always desirable that the mission statement be finalised with the involvement of the employees. We are seeing a specific trend where many organizations are trying to finalise their vision and mission statements. There are strategic management consultants who conduct workshops for 2-3 days, where the top management team brainstorms as a group. Kindly what they perceive is their vision of the future of the company, what are the impediments to achieving that vision and how to overcome them. This process if done in a systematic manner can prove to be an ideal trigger for the organization to focus on its future. It is also important to realize that organizations have to review their mission statements on a regular basis. By the process they could reconceptualize their current businesses and forces on what it would be worth being in the future. Some recent examples include Brooke Bond and Lipton entering the field of foods such as jams, squashes and ice creams and Bata extending its range from shoes to accessories like belts, T-shirts and such items. Thus in defining their vision and mission statements, organisations are beginning to look into the future more seriously. Actually companies that create the future are 'rebels" of a kind. To quote Akio Marita, Sony's visionary leader "our plans is to lead the public with new products, rather than ask them what kind of products they want; hence we create a products and then create a market by educating and communicating to the public about the product".

    The "Walkman", music system is the best example of the mission of Sony, as seen of reality in action.

    Stated below are the Vision statements of some highly focused and successful organisations-

    SIEMENS: Where technology touches lives
    DU PONT: Better things for better living through Chemistry
    HYUNDAI: Building a better world through innovative technology
    NOKIA: Connecting people
    XEROX: The document company
    IBM: Solutions for a small planet
    PHILIPS: Let's make things better
    BPL: Believe in the best


    Developing a Mission Statement

    1. Basically, the mission statement describes the overall purpose of the organization.
    2. If the organization elects to develop a vision statement before developing the mission statement, ask “Why does the image, the vision exist -- what is its purpose?” This purpose is often the same as the mission.
    3. Developing a mission statement can be quick culture-specific, i.e., participants may use methods ranging from highly analytical and rational to highly creative and divergent, e.g., focused discussions, divergent experiences around daydreams, sharing stories, etc. Therefore, visit with the participants how they might like to arrive at description of their organizational mission.
    4. When wording the mission statement, consider the organization's products, services, markets, values, and concern for public image, and maybe priorities of activities for survival.
    5. Consider any changes that may be needed in wording of the mission statement because of any new suggested strategies during a recent strategic planning process.
    6. Ensure that wording of the mission is to the extent that management and employees can infer some order of priorities in how products and services are delivered.
    7. When refining the mission, a useful exercise is to add or delete a word from the mission to realize the change in scope of the mission statement and assess how concise is its wording.
    8. Does the mission statement include sufficient description that the statement clearly separates the mission of the organization from other organizations?

    Developing a Vision Statement

    1. The vision statement includes vivid description of the organization as it effectively carries out its operations.
    2. Developing a vision statement can be quick culture-specific, i.e., participants may use methods ranging from highly analytical and rational to highly creative and divergent, e.g., focused discussions, divergent experiences around daydreams, sharing stories, etc. Therefore, visit with the participants how they might like to arrive at description of their organizational vision.
    3. Developing the vision can be the most enjoyable part of planning, but the part where time easily gets away from you.
    4. Note that originally, the vision was a compelling description of the state and function of the organization once it had implemented the strategic plan, i.e., a very attractive image toward which the organization was attracted and guided by the strategic plan. Recently, the vision has become more of a motivational tool, too often including highly idealistic phrasing and activities which the organization cannot realistically aspire.

    Developing a Values Statement

    1. Values represent the core priorities in the organization’s culture, including what drives members’ priorities and how they truly act in the organization, etc. Values are increasingly important in strategic planning. They often drive the intent and direction for “organic” planners.
    2. Developing a values statement can be quick culture-specific, i.e., participants may use methods ranging from highly analytical and rational to highly creative and divergent, e.g., focused discussions, divergent experiences around daydreams, sharing stories, etc. Therefore, visit with the participants how they might like to arrive at description of their organizational values.
    3. Establish four to six core values from which the organization would like to operate. Consider values of customers, shareholders, employees and the community.
    4. Notice any differences between the organization’s preferred values and its true values (the values actually reflected by members’ behaviors in the organization). Record each preferred value on a flash card, then have each member “rank” the values with 1, 2, or 3 in terms of the priority needed by the organization with 3 indicating the value is very important to the organization and 1 is least important. Then go through the cards again to rank how people think the values are actually being enacted in the organization with 3 indicating the values are fully enacted and 1 indicating the value is hardly reflected at all. Then address discrepancies where a value is highly preferred (ranked with a 3), but hardly enacted (ranked with a 1).
    5. Incorporate into the strategic plan, actions to align actual behavior with preferred behaviors...........................................................................................................
Does your organization have a Mission Statement? You probably do. How about a Vision Statement? A Values Statement?
If you do not have these three statements, or if you have them but are not using them to guide your organization's work, you are missing out on some of the simplest and most effective governance tools you could find. These statements of your Vision, your Mission and your Values can define and guide your organization's ability to create the future of your community!
Vision vs. Mission
We can't really begin the discussion of the Vision Statement and the Mission Statement without first addressing the semantic difference between the two. Get 10 consultants in a room, and you may get 10 different answers to just what that difference is!
To distinguish between Vision and Mission in our own work, we have defaulted back to the plain English usage of those words. And the simplest way we have found to show that difference in usage is to add the letters "ary" to the end of each word.
VisionARY
MissionARY
We certainly know what those two words mean. A visionary is someone who sees what is possible, who sees the potential. A missionary is someone who carries out that work.
Our favorite example of this everyday usage is Jesus of Nazareth. Jesus was a visionary. He saw the potential, the possibilities for making life better. His missionaries carry his work and his words to the world, putting his vision into practice.
Your organization's vision is all about what is possible, all about that potential. The mission is what it takes to make that vision come true.
Vision Statement
If your Vision Statement is a statement of what is possible, the picture of the future you want to create, the critical question for a Community Benefit organization is then, "Vision for whom? For what?" From the perspective of your organization's ability to accomplish as much community impact as possible, now and into the future, the only answer can be that your organization's vision is for the future you want to create for the community you wish to impact.
An effective Vision Statement will therefore tell the world what change you wish to create for the future of your community. Our vision is a community where _______________. Our vision is a community that _______________.
Given that this sector is all about changing our communities and our world, I am amazed that the corporate version of a Vision Statement is still taught in this sector. But conference presenter after conference presenter continue to teach that "Your organization's Vision Statement is the picture of the future you want for the organization."
In a for-profit company, that definition of a Vision Statement makes sense. Self-perpetuation is what such a company is meant to do - to keep creating profits, long into the future, for those who own that company.
But when the purpose of an organization is Community Benefit, its vision must be for the community, not for itself.
When an organization's Vision Statement focuses on the organization itself, we end up seeing Vision Statements like this one, which falls into the "We couldn't make this up" category.
A crisis nursery for abused and neglected children showed us the Vision Statement they had posted in their lobby. It read, "Our vision is to be the most effective crisis nursery in the state."
For those of you who have heard me speak about this from a podium, you know this is the point where my voice raises three octaves and I cry, "NO!" The ultimate vision, from the community's perspective, is not that the community has an incredible crisis nursery, but that they not need a crisis nursery! The vision for what is possible is a community where children and their families are safe!
We can only create significant improvement in our communities if our vision is about exactly that - the difference we want to make, the dream of our communities' highest potential.
We Couldn't Make This Up

A human service organization proudly showed us that their Vision Statement took up an entire page. That page described, in minute detail, the future of that organization. A full paragraph described what the facility would look like. Another full paragraph described what the programs would be like, and yet another paragraph detailed (I swear I am not making this up) how the organization would be financially sound. In this entire single-spaced, jam-packed page, the word "client" appeared once, and the word "community" appeared not at all.
Your Vision Statement will therefore answer the big question - WHY are you doing what you are doing? You are doing it so you can create a community that is better than the way things are now. You are doing it so that individuals' lives will be better, so that everyone's lives will be better. Your Vision Statement will create that context. It will tell where you are heading.
So, for your organization's Vision Statement, fill in this blank:
Our vision is a community where ________________________________.
or
Our vision is a community that __________________________________.

Example:
At the Community-Driven Institute, our vision is a vibrant, healthy, compassionate world.

Mission Statement
Like the Missionary, your Mission Statement will turn your vision into practice. The Mission Statement is the one that will actually do the work.
Again, it is easy to see what the Mission Statement needs to do if we go back to plain English usage. Consider the phrase "mission accomplished" - the work is done. Consider the phrase "mission impossible" - the job cannot be done. The mission is the doing part - it is what you will do to bring that vision to reality.
And while it is powerful to talk about the work you do, it is more powerful to talk about it in the context of why you are doing that work - your vision for making your community an amazing place to live.
As you craft your mission statement, then, consider starting with your Vision Statement as the lead-in to your Mission Statement:
Our vision is a community where ________________. To bring that vision into reality, we do ______________________.
To expand on the practical part of your Mission Statement, you might add where you do your work, and for whom, to further describe what you do.
Our vision is a community where ________________. To bring that vision into reality, we do ______________________________ for ________________ in the ___________ region / area / township / etc.
Mission Statements should not be flowery and overblown. If it is taking a committee 6 months to rewrite your Mission Statement, the resulting Mission Statement will likely be bad. Keep it simple simple simple!

I am not a fan of the thinking that says "Your Mission Statement should fit on a Tshirt." That is a slogan, an ad campaign. Perhaps if you are Coca-Cola that might make sense. For the work we do in this sector, we don't need to be snazzy. Just tell folks what you do, and why you are doing it.
Examples:
One of our favorite mission statements is that of the Diaper Bank we founded.
The Diaper Bank's long term vision is a community where everyone's basic needs are met. To accomplish this in the short term we provide diapers to needy populations. To effect long term community improvement, we work to increase awareness of the issues facing vulnerable populations.
The mission statement of the Community-Driven Institute is:
Our vision is for a healthy, compassionate, vibrant world. Our mission is therefore to ensure the Community Benefit Sector has practical tools for accomplishing those visionary ends. We do this work by convening, engaging, mobilizing and supporting the sector, to ensure we all have the means to make our world an amazing place.
Values Statement
Whether written to be effective or ineffective, Mission Statements and Vision Statements are relatively common in this sector.
But that is where most organizations stop. Vision and Mission. Statements of where we are headed, and what we will do to get there.
It is the rare organization that takes the time to then define HOW they will do that work - the talk they want to walk.
The only way we can create an amazing future for our communities is if we do our work in a way that reflects universally shared values. This ensures we do not squander our time and resources rationalizing our actions, and it helps ensure we are not potentially squandering our community's goodwill.
Further, if your goal is to create the future of your community - the lofty goals of your vision statement - then you will want to ensure your work reflects the values you want to see in your community.
A Values Statement provides the tools for the organization to accomplish that. First, the Values Statement will look outside the organization, to the visionary outcomes you want to create for your community.
What values will need to be present in the community for your vision to come to pass?
What values would the community need to emphasize? What values would have to be the norm?
From there, your Values Statement will look inside, to see how your own work will model those values, to teach those values by example.
How will your work reflect those values?
How will you ensure you are modeling those values to the community?
When you have a tough decision to make, will you always err on the side of those values?
Fill in the blank: We always want the community to be able to say __________ about the way we do our work.
Most boards we encounter have never talked about these issues.
The rare few who do indeed have a code of values - a Values Statement - may point to the sign on the wall in the lobby, to prove they have such a thing. But in practice, they have no mechanisms for ensuring their stated values are used in their work. They have no way of translating the sign on the wall into the decisions they make and the actions they take every day.
That is the power of what a Values Statement can do. It will not only tell the world outside and inside the organization what talk you want to walk, but it can give you the tools for measuring whether or not you are indeed walking that talk!
When we begin talking with organizations about creating a Values Statement, we get mixed reactions. One of the most common reactions is, "We don't need this. We already know what our values are."
When we ask a few key questions, though, it becomes clear that while everyone on the board believes they have a shared core of values, in fact, each board member simply believes, "Everyone here shares my values!"
One of the other common reactions we get when the issue of "values" is raised is that a discussion of values is little more than "Touchy Feely mumbo jumbo," with no real practical application to the work the organization does.
And again, the truth is directly opposite of that. Boards face values-based dilemmas at the board table all the time - they just don't recognize them as such. Any time the board is faced with the question of "What is important here?" that is a values-based decision.
  • Are there groups from whom it is not ok to accept donations?
  • What kind of employee benefits package should we offer?
  • When a board member betrays a confidential matter, what should we do?
  • When we've outgrown our rental space, should we buy a building and potentially go into debt, or just lease more space?
These questions (and a thousand more lined up behind them) all pivot on values issues. Any discussion that focuses on the question, "What's more important - this, or that?" is a discussion of values. And without prior discussion of what values will guide decisions, each of these discussions has no context for the decision.
And while all these issues are important reasons for addressing core values in the form of a formal statement, the most critical reason is this:
Absent a values-based context for decision-making, groups are more likely to default to fear-based decision-making when things get tough. And those fear-based decisions are more likely to cross the very lines we would have agreed we would not cross, had we talked about those values in the first place. The only defense against making fear-based decisions you may live to regret is to have discussed core values ahead of time.
Your Values Statement will start with your Vision and Mission, and will then talk about how you will ensure that work is done to model the behaviors you want to see in the community. 

The 3 Statements in Practice
As has been stated throughout this article, the Vision Statement, Mission Statement and Values Statements are not simply for hanging in your lobby or putting on your letterhead. These are practical tools that will help your board govern towards creating more impact in your community.
Here are just a few ways these statements can be used to further your work.
Begin Board Meetings with All 3 Statements
Board meetings have a tendency to quickly dive into the million small items that need to be addressed. By starting the meeting with just a few moments to review and talk about these 3 Statements, you are setting the tone and the context for those practical discussions.
What are we really here for? What is the context of the decisions we will make today? What future are we trying to create, and for whom? And when we do make decisions - which is what we are here to do - what will we base those decisions on?
By starting each meeting with a re-commitment to those 3 Statements, you will be more likely to keep them in your mind as your board does its work.
Have the 3 Statements Available at the Board Table
Because it is not always easy to remember to fall back on these 3 Statements when we are faced with tough decisions, have copies of the 3 Statements available on the board table at every meeting, to serve as physical reminders.
We cannot count the times, during tough decisions, that we have seen a board member, deep in thought, reach across the table for a copy of their Values Statement, to put that decision into perspective.
Ask the Question
A great habit to cultivate is to have the question asked, for each and every decision of the board, "How will this fit into our Vision for the future of the Community?"
And then, as your board directs a committee or the staff to do particular tasks, ask the question, "Are there specific parts of our Values Statement we want the staff to pay attention to, as they do that work?"
The only way to remain conscious of these guideposts is to do just that - be conscious. Keep those 3 Statements consciously in the forefront of your decision-making. And the easiest way to do that is to create habits, such as these, that remind the board, all the time - this is what we are about. When we have tough decisions to make, this is what we have said is important.
Use the 3 Statements as the Context for Your Organization's Planning
The most influential decisions your organization will make happen during your annual planning sessions. (Don't forget that "budgeting" is planning as well. Your budget is the financial plan for the coming year - the place where your plans will either become reality, or die for lack of inclusion in the budget.)
When it is time to determine goals for the coming year, how will those goals fit in with the future you want to create for the community? As you pursue those goals, what values do you want to be sure guide that work? And as you start planning for how you will use the next year's work to further your vision for the community, are there areas of "What you do" - your mission - that might need to expand?
As you create your annual plans, thoughtfully consider how those plans align behind your dreams for the community. And make sure your 3 Statements are guiding those plans.
Using the Values Statement to Evaluate Your ED / CEO
Evaluating your CEO based on what they did is easy. We tally up everything the CEO was directed to do, and see if that was, in fact, done.
But if your CEO knows he/she will also be evaluated based on whether or not he/she adhered to your Values Statement in doing that work, you will then be able to measure not only whether he/she did the work, but how that work was done.
Using the 3 Statements to Evaluate the Board's Own Performance Throughout the Year
It is the rare board that takes the time to evaluate itself. We have watched boards openly rebel against doing that at meetings, seeing it as a time-waster. But if boards are not monitoring their own progress, how can they move the organization forward?
A simple board self-evaluation can be done by using the 3 Statements
Vision
Have we done our work in a way that will move our vision forward? Have we focused entirely on our mission, at the exclusion of our vision? How might we change our work to aim at that vision?
Mission
Have we done our work in a way that monitors to ensure we really are accomplishing our mission? And if not, how might we change our work to ensure we are indeed accomplishing that work?
Values
Have we done our work in a way that adheres to the universally shared values at the core of our Values Statement? And if not, how might we change our work to ensure we are indeed walking our talk?
The board is the leader of the organization. If the board is assessing its own work in light of these 3 Statements, it is taking a huge step in reaching for the organization's highest potential to create an amazing community.
Conclusion:
 A Mission Statement that tells what the organization does, while necessary, is incomplete. By adding the Vision Statement that explains why the organization is doing that work - where it is aiming - and the Values Statement explaining how the organization will do that work, the board will have three solid tools to serve as a barometer, regardless of who is on the board at the time.

By creating these 3 Statements, and by committing to have those statements guide your organization's work, your board will have 3 simple yet powerful tools for ensuring continuity of your efforts to create a better future for the community you serve.

The Canadian Cancer Society – a great example

Mission

The Canadian Cancer Society is a national, community-based organization of volunteers whose mission is the eradication of cancer and the enhancement of the quality of life of people living with cancer.

Vision

Creating a world where no Canadian fears cancer.

Values

These serve as guidelines for our conduct and behaviour as we work towards our vision.

Quality – our focus is on the people we serve (cancer patients, their families, donors, and the public) and we will strive for excellence through evaluation and continuous improvement.
Caring – we are committed to serving with empathy and compassion.
Way To Success: 

To get the job done:
  • Don’t get hung up on semantics. If a future-oriented mission statement works for your organization as both mission and vision, go for it! The important thing is to understand what you do (and don’t do) and what you are working towards. Gaining consensus on this and being able to communicate it to stakeholders are huge achievements.
  • Don’t tie yourself in knots with wordsmithing.  Take the process as far as you can go, and then pick a group to finalize your words based on the discussion. Your meeting time is better spent moving forward than polishing after consensus has been achieved.
  • Consider developing three to five mini-visions instead of a single vision statement. These may be easier to develop than a single, perfect overarching statement. Remember, it’s all about signalling intentions.
To ensure inspirational and practical results:
  • Put “mega” into your mission and vision. What kind of world are you helping to create for tomorrow’s children? What added value to society is your organization working towards? It’s a concept that should not be restricted to charitable organizations or public benefit associations. Roger Kaufman, a well-known strategic planning author, champions the need for an organization’s planning to have a “Mega” dimension that focuses on external clients, including customers/citizens and the community that the organization serves.  Mega goals address the need for companies to have a higher purpose than simply making money – or simply serving a narrow interest group in the case of associations. Collins found that paradoxically, companies with a higher purpose were more financially successful than companies strictly focussed on profit.
The mission of the Association of Professional Engineers, Geologists and Geophysicists of Alberta is to serve society and protect the public by regulating, enhancing and providing leadership in the practice of the professions of engineering, geology and geophysics. The Canadian Manufacturers & Exporters’ mission is to continuously improve the competitiveness of Canadian industry and to expand export business. Wow! Serving society and the sector are much better long-term strategies than serving the membership alone. I contrast the mission of the Science Teachers of Manitoba “To promote and support the development of science education for teachers and students of Manitoba” with another provincial teacher’s group “Through leadership and service we dedicate ourselves to the promotion of the professional excellence and personal well-being of teachers…”
  • Make sure your value statements are meaningful to your everyday operations by spelling out what you mean. The key to meaningful values is to avoid lists of single words. After all, we all believe in integrity, don’t we? The Canadian Cancer Society example, given above, shows how definitions transform values from slogans to guidelines.
Many private and non-profit organizations use a code of ethics, a credo or other long-form description of what they believe in. The John Howard Society sets out six principles to guide the activities of its employees and volunteers, including “People have the right to live in a safe and peaceful society as well as a responsibility implied by this right to respect the law” and “All people have the potential to become responsible citizens.” These kinds of values statements help people to make decisions, and to respect the intent and spirit of their organization’s purpose and plan even when specific situations aren’t covered.
  • Finally, learn it, live it, align it. This means spending time making sure your organizational goals and objectives are aligned with your mission, vision and values. Are you serving your clients or your members in all your activities? Are you true to the intent of your mission and vision? Are your departmental objectives and tactics supporting your mission and in line with your values? Well-written phrases are nothing without good execution - Enron’s values statement famously included “respect, integrity, communication, excellence”.
Mission, vision and values statements are fundamental to strategic planning and good management.  And reviewing major decisions against these yardsticks is a powerful governance tool. Reviews allow those involved to truly understand the objectives of the organization, to make everyday decisions that are consistent, and to buy into new directions. The organization is able to evolve without experiencing chaos because its overall direction and intent are clear. The Board, employees and volunteers gain a sense of pride in working for an organization that stands for something and are united by a common sense of purpose. These are compelling reasons to create meaningful, reflective statements that shine beyond your organization’s annual report and web page, bringing guidance and motivation to all your initiatives.


Collected By Bishnu Neupane. 

VISION, MISSION AND OBJECTIVES OF BUSINESS

*Shanmukha Rao. Padala  **Dr. N. V.S. Suryanarayana

INTRODUCTION:
            The leveraging of a firm's internal resources, capabilities and core competencies to accomplish the firm's vision, mission and objectives in a competitive environment is ‘Strategic Intent'. It is about winning competition battles and gaining leadership position by putting organizational resources to best use. When established effectively, a strategic intent can cause people to turn out excellent performance. Strategic intent is said to exist when  all employees and levels of a firm are committed to the pursuit of a specific but significant performance target. The intent can take the form of a broad vision or mission statement or a more focused route covering specific objectives and goals. In a way, thus, strategic intent tries to establish the parameters that shape the values, motives and actions of people throughout their organization.
            Based on the Strategic Intent is the organizations provide products and services for consumers, profits for investors, jobs for employees, taxes for governments, and economic stability for the communities. Strategic intent also identifies the commitment of the oraganisation to contribute to the welfare of society by setting standards on being economically productive and socially responsible. The goals identified through the strategic intent of the organization represent a synthesis and demands placed on the organization by its stakeholders these choices, collectively, set apart the organization from others.
            The most important characteristics of successful organizations are their clarity of purpose, adherence to their core values, their distinct identity and their vision of the organization. In practice there will always be limits on the range of possible choices. Small enterprises tend to be limited by their resources, whereas large enterprises may find their range of choice limited because it is difficult to change quickly and therefore, they tend to be constrained by their past. In the public sector, strategic choices may be made at a political level and the role of the manager may be limited to devising best to implement strategies rather than on fundamental choices of future direction. Wherever may be the limitations on choices, organizations have to co-exist in competitive markets by contributing to economic progress by creating new value to society, each organization doing so in its own way.
            Strategic analysis, strategic choice and strategy implementation are the three parts of the Strategic Management. Strategic choice is concerned with decisions about the organisation's future and the way it needs to respond to the influences and impacts identified in strategic analysis. Choice becomes an idle exercise if the strategy is not properly implemented. These three divisions, therefore, form a closed loop in which the tail and the head are often indistinguishable.
            We will generally follow the conventional framework based on these divisions. However, for pedagogical simplicity, in this chapter, we will begin our foray into hard-core strategic management by discussing strategic intent- through strategic intent is considered to be a past of strategic choice. We will start with the vision, mission and objectives as well as value statements. These concepts are at the core of the strategy of managements. If different organizations do not have differences in their vision and goals, there is going to be significant difference between organizations.

THE HIERARCHY OF STRATEGIC INTENT:
            We will discuss these parameters as a hierarchy of strategic intent. The hierarchy of strategic intent includes the following elements.
  • A broad vision of what the organization should be.
  • The organization's mission
  • The strategic objectives  and specific goals to be pursued relentlessly
  • The plans that are developed to accomplish the intentions of management in a concrete way.
The elements of the hierarchy specify the pious intentions, lofty ideals and clear-cut ideas that serve to unify the energy and forces scattered throughout an organization. They are beginning points for any formal planning process, but they also provide the sense of direction necessary to assure that incremental behaviour culminates in overall progress. Strategic intent is said to have expressed effectively when people believe fervently in their products and industry and when they are focused totally on their firm's ability to outperform its competitors.

VISION:
            Aspirations, expressed as strategic intent, should lead to an end; otherwise they would just be castles in the air. That end is the vision of an organization or an individual. It is what the firm or a person would ultimately like to become. For instance, some of you, say in 10 years, or may be even earlier, would like to become general managers managing an SBU in a large, diversified multinational corporation. Or some others among you would like to believe that you will be an entrepreneur in 10-15 years owning your own company dealing with IT services and employing cutting-edge technology to serve a global clientele. A firm thinks like that too.
            Witness what Tata Steel sys about its vision: ‘Tata Steel enters the new millennium with the confidence of a learning, knowledge-based and happy organization. We will establish ourselves as a supplier of choice by delighting our customers with our service and our products. In the coming decade, we will become the most cost competitive steel plant and so serve the community and the nation'. A vision, therefore, articulates the position that a firm would like to attain in the distant future. Seen from this perspective, the vision encapsulates the basic strategic intent.
Understanding Vision:
            A vision is more dreamt of than it is articulated. This is the reason why it is difficult to say what vision an organization has. Sometimes it is not even evident to the entrepreneur who usually thinks of the vision. By its nature, it could be as hazy and vague as a dream that one experienced the previous night and is not recall perfectly in broad daylight. Yet it is a powerful motivator to action. And it is from the actions that a vision could often be derived. Henry Ford wished to democratize the automobile when the visualized that an affordable vehicle could be available for the masses. Walt Disney probably wanted to make people happy.
            Vision is what keeps the organization moving forward. Vision is the motivator in an organization. It needs to be meaningful with a long term perspective so that it can motivate people even when the organization is facing discouraging odds.
            The world over, backwards and forwards in history, just one thing has fired the imaginations of the people: a vision of future that promises to right today's wrongs, a graphic image of a time when injustice, impoverishment will have disappeared. Moses used the vision of a land mark of milk and honey to motivate his people to set off for the promised land. Indian's freedom fighters used the vision of a country free of its colonial rulers to wrest independence. In the corporate context, vision refers to an inspirational picture of a future that can be created, offering clarity amidst confusion, hope against despair, and unity of purpose amidst diversity of personal causes.
Defining Vision:
Vision has been defined in several different ways.
  1. Kotter defines it as a "description of somethings (an organization, corporate culture, a business, a technology, an activity) in the future".
  2. El-Namaki considers it as a "mental perception of the kind of environment an individual, or an organization, aspires to create within a broad time horizon and the underlying conditions for the actualization of this perception".
  3. Miller and Dess view it simply as the "category of intentions that are broad, all inclusive, and forward thinking".
The common strand of thought evident in these definitions and several others available in strategic management literature relates to ‘vision' being future aspirations that lead to an inspiration to be the best in one's field of activity.

CHARACTERISTICS OF VISION:
  1. Vision is developed through sharing across an organization: Famous stories of successful vision involve visions that have been widely shared across entire organizations. Of course, an individual leader, often a founder has a powerful impact on the others.
  2. Methods of convincing the others about vision: The leaders by working hard along with others convince the others in the organizations rather than simply by delivering speeches.
  3. Change Agents: Leaders must recognize the complexity of changing an outmoded vision to reflect new realities. Organizations must redefine themselves through updated visions of the future through new objectives and strategies.

THE BENEFITS OF HAVING A VISION:
            Parikh and Neubauer point out that several benefits accruing to an organization having a vision. Here is what they say:
  • Good visions are inspiring and exhilarating.
  • Visions represent a discontinuity, a step function and a jump ahead so that the company knows what it is to be.
  • Good visions help in the creation of a common identity and a shared sense of purpose.
  • Good visions are competitive, original and unique. They make sense in the marketplace as they are practical.
  • Good visions foster risk-taking and experimentation.
  • Good visions foster long-term thinking.
  • Good visions represent integrity, they are truly genuine and can be used for the benefit of people.

VISION STATEMENT:
            When you begin the process of strategic planning, visioning comes first. Martin Luther King, Jr. said, "I have a dream," and what followed was a vision that changed a nation. That famous speech is a dramatic example of the power that can be generated by a compelling vision of the future. A vision is a guide to implementing strategy. Visions are about feelings, beliefs, emotions and pictures.
            A vision statement answers the question, "What will success look like?" The pursuit of this image of success is what motivates people to work together. It is an important requirement for building a strong foundation. When all the employees are committed to the firm's visions and goals, optimum choices on business decisions are more likely.
            When visioning the change, ask yourself, "what is our preferred future?" Your vision must be encompassed by your beliefs.
  • Your beliefs must meet your organizational goals as well as community goals.
  • Your beliefs are a statement of your values.
  • Your beliefs are a public/visible declaration of your expected outcomes.
  • Your beliefs must be precise and practical.
  • Your beliefs will guide the actions of all involved.
  • Your beliefs reflect the knowledge, philosophy, and actions of all.
  • Your beliefs are a key component of strategic planning.
The process and outcomes of visioning is to develop an effectivce basis for business strategy. The foresight of the organization is to fit the strengths of the organization with the demands, to make the organization highly competitive with growth and profits as the rewards. The long-term benefits are substantial, because Visioning:
  • Break you out of boundary thinking.
  • Provides continuity and avoids the stutter effect of planning fit and starts.
  • Identifies direction and purpose.
  • Alerts stakeholders to needed change.
  • Promotes interest and commitment.
  • Promotes laser-like focus.
  • Encourages openness to unique and creative solutions.
  • Encourages and builds confidence.
  • Builds loyalty through involvement (ownership).
  • Results in efficiency and productivity.

BUILDING A VISION:
            The vision statement should be build around certain core values. Thus, Sony's vision rests on the values of encouraging individual creativity and its determination to be a pioneer. Such core values reflect how you want your future to look, the timeless principles to be followed while running the show- irrespective of what happens in and around the organization. Values, thus, are the essential glue of vision. Since a company's different business may need to operate with different strategies, it's their shared values that will prevent them from going in different directions. The vision statement should also spell out the core purpose of an organization very clearly. For example, we know that 3M's purpose is to solve problems innovatively; Nike wants to provide the experience and emotion of competition – winning and crushing competitors; Blue Star wants to provide world class engineering products and services. Unstructured inputs could be taken from everyone developing the corporate vision. Companies like Larsen & Toubro, Crompton Greaves, Gujarat Heavy Chemicals typically follow certain steps in this regard:
  1. Elicit ideas from employees as to how their dream organization should be like in terms of characteristics;
  2. Combine these with the company's core values and purpose to build the vision statement.
CREATING A SHARED VISION:
            Most managers, now-a-days, talk about a shared vision, meaning that individuals from across the organization have a common mental image and a mutually supported set of aspirations that serve to unite their efforts. People at all levels must share a common inspirational image that compels them to give their best and realize their own dreams. The vision once finalized, must be injected into the veins of the organization, being shared, owned and lived by every single person in the company.
MISSION:
            Organization, whether it is a business or a social organization, or university or government organization, takes resources from the environment and converts the resources into goods and/or services. It supplies the goods and services to the environment at an acceptable price. The organizations which make a net contribution to the society are called ‘legitimate.' The organizations should protect this legitimacy over the long-run. Thus, every organization comes into being and exists to accomplish something in the larger environment, and that purpose or mission is clear that start. As time passes, technology, consumer preferences and other environmental factors change, the firm's produces new products or renders new services and the interest of the management and employees change. This results in significant change in the firm. The original mission or purpose may become irrelevant in the long-run due to changes in internal environment of the organization and/or appropriate external environment. When these changes take place, management must search for new purpose or new state the mission or restate the original mission.
Understanding Mission:
            Organizations relate their existence to satisfying a particular need of the society. They do this in terms of their mission. Mission is a statement which defines the role that an organization plays in a society. It refers to the particular needs of that society for instance, its information needs. A book publisher and a magazine editor are both engaged in satisfying the information needs of society but they do it through different means. A book publisher may aim at producing excellent reading material while a magazine editor may strive to present news analysis in a balanced and unbiased manner. Both have different objectives but an identical mission.

Definitions:
            A mission was earlier considered as the scope of the business activities a firm pursues. The definition of mission has gradually expanded to represent a concept that embodies the purpose behind the existence of an organization.
Whether developing a new business or reformulating direction for an ongoing company, the basic goals, characteristics and philosophies that will shape a firm's strategic posture must be determined. Thus, company mission will guide future executive action.
              Company mission can be defined as the fundamental, unique purpose that sets a business apart from other firms of its type and identifies the scope of its operations in product and market term. It embodies the business philosophy of strategic decision-makers; implies the image the company seeks to project; reflects the firm's self-concept; indicates the principal product or service areas and primary customer needs the company will attempt to satisfy. In short, the mission describes the product, market and technological areas of emphasis for the business.
  1. Thompson defines mission as the "essential purpose of the organization, concerning particularly why it is in existence, the nature of the business it is in, and the customers it seeks to serve and satisfy."
  2. Hunger and Wheelen say that mission is the "purpose or reason for the organization's existence".
  3. According to John Pearce "mission is an enduring statement of purpose that distinguishes one firm from other similar firms".

CHARACTERISTICS OF A MISSION:
            A mission statement incorporates the basic business purpose and the reason for its existence by rendering some valuable functions for the society. An effective mission statement should possess the following characterstics.
  1. Feasible: The mission should be realistic and achievable. For instance, UTI declared its mission as "to encourage saving and investment habits among common man". By providing tax relief under Sec 88c, the investment upto 1lakh in UTI is exampled from income tax. Hereby common man's savings habit is encouraged by UTI.
  2. Precise: A mission statement should not be narrow or too broad.
  3. Clear: A mission statement should lead to action. BSNL'S mission of ‘connecting India' leads it to a variety of service with varied tariff structure so as to cater to the preferences of mobile phone users.
  4. Motivating: The mission should be motivating for the employees to be inspired for action. For example India Post's mission is to expectations of the customer' with dedication, devotion and enthusiasm. So customer service has become a value and it is inspiring and motivating the postal employees.
  5. Distinctive: A mission statement will indicate the major components of the strategy to be adopted. The mission should be unique. When HCL defines its mission as ‘to be a world class competitor' it creates a unique place in the minds of Indian personal computer users who across personal computers of MNCs on most of the occasions.
  6. Indicates major components of strategy: "The mission statement of IOC emphasizes petroleum refining, marketing and transportation with international standards and modern technology. It indicates that IOC is going to adopt diversification strategy in future.
The mission provides direction to insiders and outsiders on what the firm stands for. It is the guiding star for any firm.

NEED FOR AN EXPLICIT MISSION:
            The mission contains few specific directives, only broadly outlines or implied objectives and strategies. It is a statement of attitude, outlook and orientation rather than of details and measurable targets.
            To ensure unanimity of purpose within the organisation;
  • To provide a basis for motivating the use of the organisations resources;
  • To develop a basis, or standard, for allocating organisational resources;
  • To establish a general tone or organisational climate;
  • To serve as a focal point for those who can identify with the organisation's purpose and direction;
  • To facilitate the translation of objectives and goals into a work structure involving the assignment of tasks; and
  • To specify organisational purposes and the translation of these purposes into goals.

FORMULATING A MISSION:
            The process of defining the mission for a specific business can be understood by thinking about a firm at its inception. The sense of mission is usually based on several fundamental elements.
  • Belief that the product or service can provide benefits at least equal to its price.
  • Belief that the product or service can satisfy a customer need currently not met adequately for specific market segments.
  • Belief that the technology to be used will provide a product that its cost and quality competitive.
  • Belief that hard-work and the support of others, the business can grow and be profitable.
  • Belief that the management philosophy of the business will result in a favorable public image.
  • Belief that the entrepreneur's self concept can be communicated and adopted by employees and shareholders.

MISSION STATEMENTS:
            Vision is the critical focal point and beginning to high performance. But obviously a vision alone won't make it happen. Even the most exciting vision will remain only a dream unless it is followed up with striving, building, and improving.
            Why does the organization exist? What is its value addition? What's its function? How does it want to be positioned in the market and minds of customers? What business it in? These are all questions of purpose. They deal with the deeper motivations and assumptions underlying the values and purpose and function.
  • Your mission statement draws on your belief statements.
  • Your mission statement must be orientated and portray your organization as it will be, as it will be, as if it already exists.
  • Your mission statement must focus on one common purpose.
  • Your mission statement must be specific to the organization, not generic.
The mission statements are the organization apart from others. They give meaning to the reason for being, value-add, and define the business of the organization. As with vision and values, the mission should have clear answer to the above questions. It should arouse a strong sense of organizational identity and business purpose. Through some of these questions often seem deceptively simple, they are not so simple. We need to answer them to prepare a mission statement. For example the question, "What business are we in?". the implications of making a definitive identification means that the organization has put boundaries around to give guidance to the strategic direction in which it will move.
             The mission statement has direct implications on the diversification strategy of the organization. It provides directions on the strategic choice in diversification strategies. If the areas are to be related it puts limits on the options. The diversification options may be related in a number of different ways; the new products and services may have similar technologies, or may be serving similar markets, or may have similar competencies.

PREPARATION OF VISION AND MISSION STATEMENTS:
            In a competitive economy driven by the cruel logic of markets, a company with a determined management can transform an organization much more quickly and much more effectively than in the past. Clearly articulating your strategic intent is the key. Vision and Mission hold an organization together.
            Unfortunately, they don't come neatly packaged in separate mental compartments. Instead, they are linked in people's hearts and minds. Most people can relate to a personal vision, their personal values and their mission in life, but they often find it difficult to arrive at a consensus on issues concerning mission, values, and vision of the group.
            It's important to recognize and respect diverse approaches to questions of ultimate purpose in a group. Ideally, the senior management team defines the broad parameters of what business we're in and which direction were heading. They can prepare a rough vision for input and refinement or leave things wide open for the rest of the organization to fill in. group members then exchange ideas and make decisions to articulate the vision, mission, and values.
            Different ways of identifying a group's vision, mission and values may seem foolish or even alarming but organizations are strongest when many aptitudes, interests, and points-of-view can worked out together. Teams or organizations need a shared vision, not something that only a few people own. Everyone should be a ‘stakeholder' in spirit. That's usually a cascading process, but it can start in any part of an organization.
            The vision and mission statements should provide clarity to the issues of governance. However, often are conflicts in perceptions. What organizations describe as ‘personality conflicts', after a little exploration often reveals real differences on issues about governance, finances, purpose and program of the organization. There are many ways in which the vision statement can be prepared. It depends on the nature and type of organization as well as the philosophy and management style of the top management.

OBJECTIVES:
The accomplishment of purpose or mission of an organization requires the formulation of a number of objectives. Achievement of the organizational objectives, in turn, requires the formulation and fulfillment of departmental and unit goals. Long-range objectives specify the results that are desired in pursuing the organisation's mission and normally extended beyond the current financial year of the organization. Lon-range objectives are notably speculative for distant years. short-range objective are performance targets, normally of less than one-year duration, that are used by management to achieve the organisation's long-range objectives. The selections of short-range objectives are from an evaluation of priorities relating to long-range objectives. Departmental objectives, both long-range and short-range are formulated based on the respective long-range and short-range objectives of the organization. Unit objectives are generally specific and are draw from the departmental objectives.
            An objective indicates the result that the organization expects to achieve in the long run. It is an end result, the end point, something that you aim for and try to reach. It is a desired result towards which behaviour is directed in an organization. The organization may or may not reach the desired state, but the chances of doing so are greater if the objectives are framed and understood properly. Objectives are the products of specific concrete thinking. They commit persons and organizations to verifiable accomplishments. Again, objectives determine the scope of future events. They provide the spotlight on the routes over which activities are organized. They serve as reference points to concentrate resources and efforts. They determine what action to take today to obtain results tomorrow. Goals and targets are more precise and expressed in specific terms. In this section we will refer to only objectives assuming that these include the goals as well.
            They are stated in precisae terms as quantitatively as possible. The emphasis in goals is on measurement of progress toward the attainment of objectives. Goals have the following features they: 1. are derived from objectives, 2. offer a standard for measuring performance, 3. are expressed in concrete terms, 4. are time-bound and work-oriented.

FORMULATING OBJECTIVES:
            The mission and directional course are converted into designated performance outcomes in the process of formulating objectives. Objectives represent a managerial commitment to achieve specified results in a specified period, of time. The clearly spell out the quantity and quality of performance to be achieved, the time period, the process and the person who is responsible for the achievement of the objective.
            An organization's mission statement will be just window-dressing, unless, it is translated into measurable and specific performance targets and managers are pressured to achieve these targets. Thus, objective formulation is a critical step in the strategic management process. It is viewed that, whose managers formulate objectives for each key result area and then actively pursue actions to achieve their performance targets will outperform the companies whose managers operate with hopes and more good intentions. Performance objectives must be stated in quantifiable or measurable terms. They must also contain a deadline for achievement.

CHARACTERISTICS OF OBJECTIVES:
Objectives have the following features:
  1. Objectives Form a Hierarchy: In many organizations objectives are structured in a hierarchy of importance. There are objectives within objectives. They all require painstaking definitions and close analysis if they are to be useful separately and profitable as a whole. The hierarchy of objectives is a graded series in which an organisation's goals are supported by each succeeding managerial level down to the level of the individual. The objectives of each unit contribute to the objectives of the next higher unit. Each operation has a simple objective which must fit in and add to the final objective. Hence no work should be undertaken unless it contributes to the overall goal.
  2. Objectives Form a Network: Objectives interlock in a network fashion. They interrelated and inter-dependent. The concept of network of objectives implies that once objectives are established for every department and every individual in an organization, these subsidiary objectives should contribute to meet the objectives of the total organization. If the various objectives in an organization do not support one another, people may pursue goals that may be good for their own function but may be detrimental to the company as a whole. Managers have to trade off among the conflicting objectives and see that the components of the network fit one another. Because, as rightly pointed out by Koontz , "It is bad enough when goals do not support and interlock with one another. It may be catastrophic".
  3. Multiplicity of Objectives: Organisations pursue multifarious objectives. At every level in the hierarchy, goals are likely to be multiple. For example, the marketing division may have the objective of sale and distribution of produicts. This objective can be broken down into a group of objectives for the product, advertising, reach, promotion managers. The advertising manager's goals may include: designing product messages carefully, create a favourable image of the product in the market, etc. Similarly goals can be set for other marketing managers. To describe a single, specific goal of an organization is to say very little about it. It turns out that there are several goals involved. This may be due to the fact that the enterprise has to meet internal as well as external challenges effectively. Internal problems may hover around profitability, survival, growth, an so on. External problems may be posed by government, society, stockholders, customers etc. In order to meet the conflicting from various internal and external groups, organizations generally pursue multiple objectives. Moreover, no single objective would place the organization on a path of prosperity and progress in the long run.
  4. Long and Short-range Objectives: organizational objectives are usually related to time. Long-range objectives extending over five or more years are the ultimate or dream objectives for organization. They are abstractions of the entire hierarchy of objectives of the organization. For example, planning in India has got objectives like eradication of poverty, checking population growth through birth control etc. which reflect certain ‘ideals' the government wishes to accomplish in the long run. Short-range objectives (one-year goals) and medium-range objectives (two to five year period goals), reflect immediate, attainable goals. The short-range and medium-range objectives are the means for achieving long-term goals and the long-term goals supply a framework within which the lower level goals are designed. Thus, all these goals reinforce each other in such a way that the total result is greater than the sum of the efforts taken individually. That is why goal setting is called a "synergistic process". In order to remain viable, every organization needs to set goals in all three time periods.


AREAS OF OBJECTIVES:
            Objectives are set for all areas and departments of an organization. Through the objectives can vary widely from one organization to another organization, they can be broadly divided into: profitability, service to customers, employee needs and welfare, and social responsibility. The following are the areas of objectives.
  1. Markets: Objectives are expressed in terms of the market or total rupee sales or total quantity of sales. For example, to increase freight traffic (commercial) to 85 % in 1997-98 and reduce the freight traffic (military) to 15% in 1997-98 from 60% and 40% respectively in 1996-97 financial year of Railways.
  2. Productivity: The level of goods and/or services produced by an organization relative to the resources used in the production process, organizations those use fewer resources to produce specified levels of products are said to be more productive than organizations those require more resources to produce at the same level.
  3. Innovation: Any change made to improve methods of conducting organizational business. Organizational objectives should indicate innovations the organization desires to implement.
  4. Product: These objectives are expressed in terms of sales and profitability by product line or product, target dates for development of new products and others.
  5. Profitability:  profitability objectives are expressed in terms of profits, return on investment, earning per share, profit to sales etc. For example, to increase return on investment by 10 % in 1997-98 over 1996-97 financial year.
  6. Financial Resources: These objectives are expressed in terms of the capital structure, new issues of common stock, cash flow, working capital, dividend payments and collection periods.
  7. Physical Facilities: These objectives are expressed in terms of machinery and equipment, square feet, fixed costs, units of production and other measures.
  8. Organisation Structure and Activities: These objectives are stated in term of changes to be made in the policies of organization structure or projects to be undertaken.
  9. Manager Performance and Development: these objectives are related to the quality and rate of development of managerial skills, knowledge and performance. Development of managerial performance is very important from the view point of the long-run success of the company and achievement of the other objectives of the company.
10.  Employee Performance and Attitude: These objectives are related to the development of skills, knowledge and performance of non-managerial employees of the company. This area is also related to the development of favourable attitude of the employees towards the organization. The significance of these considerations should be stressed through the formulation of organizational objectives.
11.  Customer Service: These objectives are related to the quality of the product, pre-sales and post-sales service, delivery times, promptly attending to the customer complaints, price, package and the like.
12.  Social Responsibility: These objectives are related to the obligation of business towards the society with a view to contribute to its welfare. Today, these objectives have become common to all the companies. For example, to contribute to the medical facilities of the community where the company is located.

IMPORTANCE OF OBJECTIVES:
            Why do organizations formulate objectives? And what is their importance? The following four factors explain the need for and importance of objectives.
  1. Objectives help to define the organization in its environment: The organizations justify their existence to their stakeholders in the environment like customers, government, creditors and society at large.
  2. Objectives help in coordinating decisions and decision-maker: Stated objectives impose some constraints on the employees and modify it towards the desirable direction. It coordinates decision-making process by different employees.
  3. Objectives help in formulating strategies: Mission statements are translated into objectives and objectives are the basis for formulating strategies.
  4. Objectives provide standards for assessing organizational performance: Objectives provide not only the direction to move to the organization but also provide the ultimate goals and targets that the organization is expected to achieve. These targets and goals become the standards to judge the organizational performance. Organizations, without clear objectives will not have basis for evaluating their performance or success.
SUMMARY:
            Strategic Intent is the leveraging of a firm's internal resources, capabilities and core competencies to accomplish the firm's vision, mission and objectives in a competitive environment. The corporate vision has the potential power to focus the collective energy of insiders and to give outsiders a better idea of what an organization really is. Vision is what keeps the organization moving forward. The vision statements present the values, philosophies and aspirations, the guide organizational action. Mission is an enduring statement of purpose that distinguishes one organization from other similar organization. Organization do exist to satisfy a particular need of the society or to fulfill a particular deficiency in the society. A mission statement is a declaration of an organization's reason of being. Management must take into account three key elements in developing mission statements viz., history of the organization, organization's distinctive competencies and the organization's environment.
            The accomplishment of purpose or mission of an organization requires the formulation of objectives. These objectives are classified into overall organizational objectives, departmental objectives as well as unit level objectives. Based on the time objectives are classified into long-range objectives and short-range objectives. Long-range objectives are notably speculative for distant years. Short-range objectives are performance targets, normally of less than one-year's duration. Objectives represent a managerial commitment to achieve specified results in a specified period of time.